Jahrestags des Sturm auf die Bastille wurde sie. La prise de la Bastille, survenue le mardi 14 juillet 1789 Auteur : Le Forestier Ren The French Revolution (French: R French Revolution - Wikipedia. The French Revolution (French: R. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. Following the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates- General in May 1. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and a women's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A central event of the first stage, in August 1. Ancien R. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right- wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. France rapidly transformed into a democratic and secular society with freedom of religion, legalisation of divorce, decriminalisation of same- sex relationships, and civil rights for Jews and black people. In a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution. The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1. French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine . Internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror, from 1. French colonies abroad, dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures, and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, with estimates ranging from 1. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, and significant military conquests abroad. Napoleon, who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns, went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire, setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor. The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system, the emancipation of the individual, the greater division of landed property, the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the establishment of equality. The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest. Rising social and economic inequality. French music, the partisans of both sides appealed to the French public . Reigning opinions are no longer received from the court; it no longer decides on reputations of any sort.. The court's judgments are countermanded; one says openly that it understands nothing; it has no ideas on the subject and could have none. While in theory King Louis XVI was an absolute monarch, in practice he was often indecisive and known to back down when faced with strong opposition. While he did reduce government expenditures, opponents in the parliaments successfully thwarted his attempts at enacting much needed reforms. The Enlightenment had produced many writers, pamphleteers and publishers who could inform or inflame public opinion. The opposition used this resource to mobilise public opinion against the monarchy, which in turn tried to repress the underground literature. These included resentment of royal absolutism; resentment by peasants, labourers and the bourgeoisie towards the traditional seigneurial privileges possessed by the nobility; resentment of the Catholic Church's influence over public policy and institutions; aspirations for freedom of religion; resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy; aspirations for social, political and economic equality, and (especially as the Revolution progressed) republicanism; hatred of Queen Marie- Antoinette, who was falsely accused of being a spendthrift and an Austrian spy; and anger towards the King for dismissing ministers, including finance minister Jacques Necker, who were popularly seen as representatives of the people. Originally largely apolitical, Freemasonry was radicalised in the late 1. Virtually every major player in the Revolution was a Freemason and these themes became the widely recognised slogan of the revolution. The next year, Jacques Necker, a foreigner, was appointed Comptroller- General of Finance. He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant. Necker published a report to support this claim that underestimated the deficit by roughly 3. Depuis 1871 la France r Did you know that you can help us produce ebooks by proof-reading just one page a day? Go to: Distributed Proofreaders. The King refused, Necker was dismissed, and Charles Alexandre de Calonne was appointed to the Comptrollership. Faced with opposition from the parlements, Calonne organised the summoning of the Assembly of Notables. But the Assembly failed to endorse Calonne's proposals and instead weakened his position through its criticism. In response, the King announced the calling of the Estates- General for May 1. This was a signal that the Bourbon monarchy was in a weakened state and subject to the demands of its people. Elections were held in the spring of 1. Third Estate were for French- born or naturalised males, aged 2. Strong turnout produced 1,2. Third Estate. The First Estate represented 1. Catholic clergy; the Church owned about 1. The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries, but two- thirds of the 3. First Estate were ordinary parish priests; only 5. About a third of these deputies were nobles, mostly with minor holdings. The Third Estate representation was doubled to 6. Half were well educated lawyers or local officials. Nearly a third were in trades or industry; 5. Many assumed the Estates- General would approve future taxes, and Enlightenment ideals were relatively rare.? What has it been until now in the political order? What does it want to be? The Third Estate demanded that the credentials of deputies should be verified by all deputies, rather than each estate verifying the credentials of its own members; but negotiations with the other estates failed to achieve this. Necker then stated that each estate should verify its own members' credentials and that the king should act as arbitrator. They proceeded to do so two days later, completing the process on 1. June. Weather did not allow an outdoor meeting, so the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby indoor real tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath (2. June 1. 78. 9) under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution. By 2. 7 June, the royal party had overtly given in, although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles. Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities. Marie Antoinette, the King's younger brother the Comte d'Artois, and other conservative members of the King's privy council urged him to dismiss Necker as financial advisor. On 1. 1 July 1. 78. Necker published an inaccurate account of the government's debts and made it available to the public, the King fired him, and completely restructured the finance ministry at the same time. They were also afraid that arriving soldiers . The Assembly, meeting at Versailles, went into nonstop session to prevent another eviction from their meeting place. Paris was soon consumed by riots, chaos, and widespread looting. The mobs soon had the support of some of the French Guard, who were armed and trained soldiers. After several hours of combat, the prison fell that afternoon. Despite ordering a ceasefire, which prevented a mutual massacre, Governor Marquis Bernard de Launay was beaten, stabbed and decapitated; his head was placed on a pike and paraded about the city. Although the fortress had held only seven prisoners (four forgers, two noblemen kept for immoral behaviour, and a murder suspect) the Bastille served as a potent symbol of everything hated under the Ancien R. The Marquis de Lafayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris. Jean- Sylvain Bailly, president of the Assembly at the time of the Tennis Court Oath, became the city's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the commune. The King visited Paris, where, on 1. July he accepted a tricolorecockade, to cries of Vive la Nation (. An astute financier but a less astute politician, Necker overplayed his hand by demanding and obtaining a general amnesty, losing much of the people's favour. As civil authority rapidly deteriorated, with random acts of violence and theft breaking out across the country, members of the nobility, fearing for their safety, fled to neighbouring countries; many of these .
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